IntroductionProstate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death among American men (Qaseem, Denberg, Owens and Shekelle, 2013). Healthcare professionals have used prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening as well as digital rectal exam (DRE) to screen for prostate cancer for many years. PSA was first identified in 1966 in semen, followed by the identification of PSA in blood in 1979. The PSA test has been approved for use since 1994 to detect early prostate cancer. In the United States, most men over the age of 50 have been tested for PSA, and many have been tested multiple times. DRE is performed to determine the location, size and presence of nodules in the prostate. Despite the widespread use of prostate-specific antigen and DRE serological tests to screen for PCa in men, authorities disagree on the benefit and optimal use of these screens. The controversial issues are as follows. PSA screening leads to overdetection of harmless or insignificant tumors and thus to overtreatment. There is inconsistent evidence and, at best, a modest effect that PSA screening actually reduces the risk of death from PCa. The current practice of reassuring men with a PSA level < 4 ng/ml that they do not have cancer is no longer justified. Finally, a decreasing correlation has been reported between PSA volume and larger prostate tumor. Additionally, no controlled studies have shown a reduction in morbidity or mortality with the use of DRE. DRE is also limited to peripheral tumors, and some are not palpable. This highlights the need to change the approach to PCa screening and treatment. In 2002, the USPSTF rated PSA screening as I; concluding that there was insufficient evidence to recommend...... middle of article ......org/prostatecancerscreening/prostatefinalrs.htm AAFP article: http://www.aafp.org/ news-now/health-of-the-public/20120522psascreenrec.html http://xnet.kp.org/permanentejournal/fall99pj/prostate.htmlHowrey, B.T., Kuo, Y., Lin, Y., & Goodwin, J.S. (2013 ). The Impact of PSA Screening on PCaMortality and PCa Overdiagnosis in the United States. Journals Of Gerontology: Series A: Biological Sciences And Medical Sciences, 68(1), 56-61.Nichol, MB, Wu, J., Huang, J., Denham, D., Frencher, SK and Jacobsen, SJ (2012 ). Cost-effectiveness of the Prostate Health Index for CaP detection. BJU International, 110(3), 353-362. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10751.x http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/hematology-oncology/prostate-cancer/ http://www.medicare.gov/Pubs/pdf/10110 .pdfhttp://www.pcf.org/site/c.leJRIROrEpH/b.5802029/k.31EA/Prevention.htm