-
Essay / Super Elevations - 550
Have you ever been driving down the road and taking a turn too fast? What happens? You and the car are subjected to centrifugal force and you and the car are pushed away from the turn, or up the slope, also called a slope. An engineer must balance this force by raising the slope on one side of the road. It should be noted that, according to theoretical observations, steering would be effortless, but in order to provide these ideal conditions, the friction factor would be zero and the weight of the vehicle would balance the centrifugal force¹. In the real world we have friction and we can't afford to build an extremely steep ˜30º slope every time we need an exit ramp or horizontal curve. For the operator to comfortably maneuver a curve, several variables must be taken into account: the radius of the curve, friction and speed. The radius length may depend on sight distance and right-of-way, or property lines and sight distance. Friction depends on the surface properties of different materials and the climate. Slope and speed generally depend on the variables we just described. When constructing and designing these roads, the industry standard is to place 1/3 of the slope change in the horizontal curve and 2/3 of the transition length on the tangent. Simply put, by the time the car approaches the first part of the turn, 2/3 of the slope has already been built up. This ensures a smooth transition for the driver to maneuver through the curve³. To get a better idea of the type of friction coefficients used in Alaska, we can look at the proposed construction of the Badger Road interchange on the Richardson Highway². The northbound on-ramp (from Badger Road) will have a speed limit of 35 mph in a 135 meter radius and a 5.5% grade. From these data, we can find that the coefficient of friction (µ) is equal to 0.10. Another example from the same project, observed from the exit ramp in the southbound lane, will have a radius of 253 meters, a super of 6% and a speed limit of 45 mphµ was observed at 0.09, this which is just enough traction to make those corners at the posted limit. Such a low coefficient of friction leads the author to assume that engineers designed these turns to be performed in extremely slippery conditions..