Max Weber was the first to observe and write about the bureaucracies that developed in Germany in the 19th century. He considered them efficient, rational, and honest, a vast improvement over the haphazard administration they replaced. The German government was better developed than that of the United States and Great Britain and was almost equal to that of France. Weber considered modern administration to operate according to six principles: (1) Fixed, official areas of jurisdiction that are ordered by rules, that is, laws and administrative regulations. (2) Hierarchy and graduated levels of authority where lower functions are supervised by higher functions. (3) Management is based on official documents (files). (4) Civil servants have extensive and specialized training. (5) This requires the full-time work of the civil servant. (6) Management follows the rules. Although these principles seem obvious today, German government agencies were the first to replace modern administration with practices dating back to the Middle Ages, based on loyalty to the king, dukes, and the Church. From the public servant's perspective, Weber observed that holding public office is a "vocation." ", that is to say that it is a profession requiring training prescribed over a long period and examinations which are a prerequisite for employment. He must be faithful to the function he occupies and not a boss By virtue of his position, the civil servant enjoys high social esteem (Weber notes that this is particularly low in the....