A bachelor's degree in graphic design or a related field is a student's starting point. However, if a student is heading into another field, it would be beneficial for them to pursue technology training to meet hiring qualifications. The National Association of Schools of Art and Design has 320 accredited postsecondary colleges, universities, and independent institutes offering art in design programs. Most of these schools include studio art, design principles, computerized design, commercial graphics production, printing techniques, and web design. A student should also consider taking courses in writing, marketing, and business to gain an advantage in this profession. Many designers can also gain their direct experience by completing an internship. Portfolios are a necessity as a designer because they show the client the talent and experience of the designer. A designer must keep up to date with the latest software to stay in the competition and not lose their competitive edge over other designers. There are important qualities that an employer should look for when considering hiring a designer; these qualities include analytical, artistic, communication, computer skills, creativity and time management