Head injury (TBI) is the most common neurological disorder worldwide. More than 1.7 million people suffer a traumatic brain injury each year, with an incidence of 235 to 556/100,000. In severe TBI cases, mortality rates can reach 40% and disability rates of Survival can reach 55-77%, leading to a reduction in quality of life. TBI is caused by head trauma, including the most typical closed head injury, in which rapid acceleration or deceleration induces shearing of brain tissue and produces other forces in the brain and impacts against the frontal fossae and temporal bones of the skull. TBI is associated with late onset of neurodegenerative disorders. One of the most common injuries of all severity is diffuse axonal injury (DAI). DAI is a common pathological feature of TBI. It is associated with shearing of axons in the hemispheric white matter, corpus callosum, and brainstem. It was initially described as a dynamic deformation of white matter tracts following trauma, resulting in shearing of axons and interruption of axonal transport, which leads to an accumulation of material transported along the axon at the level of the site of injury. Axonal pathology describes this condition as axonal varicosities, while the single large swelling that represents a complete axonal disconnection is identified as an axonal bulb. Understanding ICD dynamics is necessary to develop effective therapy. To achieve this, a number of animal models have been introduced and characterized since the late 1970s.A. Primary mechanical damage Axons behave differently upon impact on the head. This may be a dissatisfaction known as “primary axotomy”; this is a rare phenomenon. Or they may be exposed to "secondary axotomy",...... middle of paper ......e precise control of impact parameters. On the other hand, the model is easy to pretrain and it can produce DAI, linear and angular acceleration gradations. This raises an interesting question about the specific differences that can be observed in axons exposed to the rotation, twisting, and pressure effect of impac. Requirements of the ideal experimental model It is difficult to design an ideal experimental model that reproduces the entire requirements of DAI dynamics and achieves the objectives. . It is believed that the ideal experimental design should meet the following criteria:i. DAI is the dominant pathological change that occurs after injury. ii. The mechanism of injury resembles the known mechanism of ICD in patients. iii. The model produces a progressive DAI. Severity of the injury in relation to the degree of mechanical force applied. iv. Controlled mechanical input.