According to Berliner, engagement time is the time when students appear to be paying attention to materials or presentations that have educational objectives” (Berliner). Educators can refer to this moment as the moment when an instructor gets their students' attention. The time committed would then be considered a subgroup of the time allocated. At PA Online Charter School, this can be difficult to measure due to the lack of visual cues. However, there are tools that an instructor can use to determine the amount of time spent in a virtual environment. For example, in BlackBoard Collaborate direct messaging, webcam, audio responses, polls/quizzes can be used to help the instructor measure a student's time engaged. It is also in the cyber context that a strong partnership with the parent, also known as the academic or learning coach, becomes essential. Academic coaches observe visual cues at home. This is especially true when a student is taking classes asynchronously or when it appears necessary to take tests for special services. In the latter case, the parent/school coach's input on what they see is invaluable, as many of the symptoms that indicate the need for testing are only seen by those at home. This is because the instructor is not able to see the student performing their daily tasks. Berliner's study also addresses time on task. The time spent on a task is also called committed time. Yet there is more to time spent on engagement than just student engagement. Time on task should be considered time spent on program tasks or time spent on an activity in which student engagement is clear. Much like time engaged, time on task can be difficult to measure in a cyber charter school. Often students are in the middle of a sheet of paper......Ann, Kathryn Kennedy, Stacy Bender. “Cyberabsenteeism solves attendance problems in the digital age. » Journal of Research on Technology in Education (2013): 1-28. Web.Abraha, Weintana. “Online charters can fail students and reduce public school funding.” Charter Schools ndClark, Ruth Colvin. and Ann Kwinn. The new virtual classroom: Evidence-based guidelines for synchronous online learning. San Francisco, CA: J. Wiley & Sons, 2007. Print. Berliner, David C. “What's Happening Around Teaching Time?” » Bromme, M. Ben-Peretz and R. The nature of time at school: theoretical concepts, practitioners and perceptions. New York: TeachersCollege Press, 1990. Web.Shaw, Isabel. Family Education.com. nd Wasil, Andrea. “Performance Results of Synchronous and Asynchronous Students in Cyber ​​High School English Courses.” nd.