For some researchers, economic development is a crucial determinant of PSI in emerging democracies. Low economic growth in new democracies can hamper the success of the ruling party, which in turn could exacerbate electoral instability and volatility, as other parties and voters hold incumbent leaders responsible for the current economic crisis. On the other hand, some scholars argue that the institutional framework within which a party system develops can either promote or hinder development. These researchers argue that the proportional representation system strengthens the party system more than majoritarian systems. Proportional representation systems strengthen parties, party leaders distribute party tickets, and parties control whose name appears on the party list. Croissant and Volkel (2012) pointed out that party systems with proportional representation strengthen parties and voters and are more conducive to proportional representation.