IntroductionThe gender wage gap, also known as the gender wage gap, gender income difference or income difference between men and women, refers to the difference between income of men and women (Victoria, 2006). The European Union defines the gender pay gap as the difference between the hourly earnings of men and women (OECD, 2012). The difference can be measured in terms of hourly, weekly, monthly or annual earnings. The difference is expressed as a percentage of men's wages. However, the difference varies from industry to industry, country to country and age group to age group. On average, men earn more than women across different sectors and countries. Gender and wage gap by country. United States of AmericaThe United States has one of the highest gender pay gaps among developed countries. In the country, the gender wage gap is measured as the ratio of women's to men's annual earnings among full-time, year-round (FTYR) workers. In 2009, female FTYR workers earned 77% (0.77) as much as male FTYR workers (US Census Bureau, 2013). The history of the gender wage gap reveals that the United States has made great progress toward closing the gender wage gap since 1980. For example, in 1980, the ratio of the gender wage gap between sexes was 0.62, while in 1990 the gap was 0.72. From 1990 to 2000, the gap narrowed to 0.73, then to 0.77 in 2009. Currently, the gender wage gap stands at 0.76 and continues to persist (US Census Bureau , 2013). Other data shows that over a woman's lifetime, she will earn 77% of what a man will earn. However, there are controllable factors, such as position, race, industry, and other factors, that affect the gender wage gap. For example, the U.S. Department of Labor found that when such factors were taken into account, the gap...... middle of document ......S/[email protected]/mf/6310.0Blau, F. and Kahn, L. (2007). The gender pay gap: making sure women have gone as far as they can. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21 (1), 7-23. National Center for Social and Economic Modeling. (2009). The impact of a lasting gender wage gap on the economy: report to the Women's Bureau. New York: Ministry of Families, Community Services, Housing and Indigenous Affairs. OECD. (2012). OECD Employment Outlook, Chapter 3: The price of prejudice: on labor market discrimination based on gender and ethnicity. Paris: OECD. United States Census Bureau. (2013). Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2013. Washington DC: US ​​Government Printing Office. Victoria. (2006). How much of the remaining gender pay gap is the result of discrimination and how much is due to individual choices? International Journal of Urban Work and Leisure , 7 (2).