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Essay / The Hawthorne Effect: the components of motivation in...
There are three main components in this theory, expectancy, instrumentality and valence, these components separate what exactly motivates the employee . Expectancy is the “belief that increased effort will result in increased performance” (“Vroom’s Expectancy Motivation Theory,” 2016). Each task or mission has an expected outcome, based on the amount of effort expended. Instrumentality is related to “the person's perception of the likelihood that performance will lead to a specific outcome” (Lee, 2007). The individual attaches a certain possibility to the accomplishment of this task. Like excelling at a task in order to receive a promotion or to be recognized for the amount of work put in. Vroom defined valence as “affective orientations toward particular outcomes” (Lee 2007). Which simply indicates the importance given to a specific task. There is a difference in outcome satisfaction based on valence. According to Vroom, if these three criteria are met, the employee will be motivated for a certain job. This can be applied to many other situations, such as focusing very hard on a certain course related to a chosen specialty and hoping for a good result.