What factors determine an individual's sexual orientation and gender identity?Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”?Get the original essaySexual orientation and gender identity are social constructs based on normative social roles and a strong desire to place individuals in binary categories. Sexual orientation and research on queer identities is largely incomplete due to this supposed binary, but theories have been developed about what may influence queer identities, both in terms of sexual orientation and gender identity. Gay men have been studied much more than lesbian women due to visibility and the social role of the "old maid". Historically, men are more public and single men are shamed and questioned more than single women. One historical theory as to why gay men exist is the psychological factor of having a strong mother. A boy with a strong mother and a weak or absent father would, in theory, be gay due to his effeminate presence and lack of masculine figure. This theory is very flawed and exists largely to shame strong mothers into submissive roles. Another theory as to why homosexual men exist is the physical difference in the brain size of homosexual and heterosexual men. One study found that gay men had smaller hypothalamus than heterosexual men, which destined some men to be gay. The results of this study are also very unfounded. The study subjects did not necessarily identify as gay or straight. The identity of subjects who died before the study was identified as homosexual or heterosexual based on whether or not they had died of AIDS. Subjects who died of AIDS were classified as homosexual while other subjects were classified as heterosexual. By organizing the subjects in this way, the researchers ignored the possibility that gay men would die of natural causes and that heterosexual men would die of AIDS. The study also ignored the fact that AIDS affects the size of the hypothalamus: subjects with AIDS would likely have a smaller hypothalamus due to the disease, not due to sexual orientation. Discussion of a "gay gene" is another potential explanation for different sexual orientations. . This theory, however, poses a simple question: if homosexuality is linked to a gene, why has this gene not disappeared? If the gay gene is X-linked, then it is possible for the gene to be passed on by heterosexual female carriers. There may be evolutionary advantages that outweigh the inherent decline in fertility and reproduction of homosexual men, but these advantages have not been identified. Studies on homosexual women have not been as numerous as those on homosexual men. Because of gender-based differences in cultural acceptance of sex, homosexual factors likely differ between gay men and lesbians. Women can come out as gay as a political and social movement. Women who have had bad relationships with men may become lesbians to avoid abusive husbands. Women may also become lesbian to gain a more masculine role in society, which is a perceived advancement. There is no confirmed reason why some individuals deviate from the heteronormativity of our society. Gender is also a factorsocially constructed intended to place individuals in a system of binary categories. Cultures create roles and expectations based on gender, and these roles are imposed on children before they are even born. Sex is based on an individual's phenotype. A person's masculine or feminine appearance determines their life trajectory. What factors determine which tasks are “man’s work” and which are “woman’s work?” » The determination of men's work and women's work was imposed on cultures because of the helplessness of human infants. Humans have many responsibilities, regardless of gender. Companies divide up work to get things done. The division of labor forces men and women to need each other. It is not effective to teach every child all the tasks necessary for survival; This is why a division of labor is preferable for societies as a whole. The division of labor is not based on biological differences between men and women. Although many may argue that men are stronger than women, men are simply allowed to train and bones grow in response to muscle growth. Biological differences between the sexes are largely influenced by cultural rules. The division of labor is largely influenced by the maternal role of women. Men cannot take on the role of giving birth and breastfeeding young children, so certain tasks are imposed on women. Other tasks must then revolve around maternal tasks. Women's work is therefore work that can be interrupted and is less likely to lead to death. Women may be the ones to sew and cook, as these tasks may be interrupted to breastfeed a child. Whaling and whaling are not. Dangerous tasks are also given to men rather than women due to the risk of death. If a man is killed while hunting, only one member of society is killed. If a woman is killed, society loses her, all her young dependents and all her potential future children. Men are more expendable, so the division of labor between men and women exists to help women stay alive. Another factor in the division of labor is the age of marriage between men and women. In many cultures, women marry very young and begin having children as soon as physically possible. This does not allow women to learn very specialized tasks during childhood. Men marry later. This gives boys more time to learn specialized and difficult tasks. Why do all human groups have incest taboos? Incest taboos are a human universal, which is very rare. This implies that incest taboos are either ancient, beneficial, or both. Incest taboos take many different forms, but all restrict sexual relationships within nuclear families to only allow relationships between the mother and father. Other cultures extend this taboo to cousins, aunts and uncles, and beyond. In other species, incest taboos exist for resource management. By chasing away children when they can support themselves, parents reclaim territory and food. Although these sexual restrictions exist in other species, they are not universal. Female orangutans, for example, have sex with their sons to teach them how to have sex. This may be explained by the solitary nature of orangutans and the need to educate sons. Incest taboos have noof clear origin. Freud believes that incest taboos prevent boys from killing their fathers to marry their mothers, but this theory incorrectly assumes that young boys know the relationship between marriage and sex. Additionally, in cultures where a boy's biological uncle is the primary disciplinarian and masculine presence, the boy wants to kill his uncle. This shows that the boys don't want to kill their father to be with their mother, they don't like the disciplinarian figure. Another theory about the universal nature of incest taboos is the privacy theory. This theory implies that creating separation within the nuclear family allows for the growth of separate egos. If the nuclear family lacked privacy, family members would not be individualized. This theory does not take into account the typical sharing system of mothers and fathers and therefore the lack of intimacy. Binary theory applies the “us versus them” mentality to sex. The theory states that incest taboos arise from the desire to separate an individual's group from the rest of society. The binary theory isn't very convincing because it presupposes incest taboos - why need an "us versus them" mentality if the taboo hasn't already been created? Westermark's theory suggests that incest taboos arise from an aversion to seeing people outside of created roles. People see others through their experiences with them - a sibling is seen in the context of a sibling, a teacher is seen in the context of a teacher, and so on. The taboo implies that it is something people would do, so any biological or psychological explanations for incest taboos do not hold up. The social theory of the incest taboo is that preventing incest benefits cultures in some way. Restricting sexual partners leads to outside alliances, but this implies that equal importance is given to sex and marriage, which is not accurate. Alliances are created through marriage, so incest taboos are not explained. Incest taboos may simply be a way to protect children and monitor adult behavior. Children can be harmed physically and mentally by adults. These taboos may therefore help prevent harm to children, but this does not explain why the taboo exists among adults. The universal nature and origins of incest taboos remain completely unknown. Why are ceremonies marking puberty for women more common than those for men? Puberty exists as a process, although it is often celebrated as a singular event. Female puberty is marked by menarche, a very visible physical phenomenon. Many cultures view menarche and female puberty as the trigger for changing societal roles. For women, the first period marks the transition from childhood to adulthood as they can now begin to have children. Reproduction is, in many cultures, the most important role women play, which is why the beginning of their reproductive life cycle is cause for celebration. Puberty ceremonies for women can be celebratory or involve mutilation. Ilima is a festival for the Mbuti people. During Ilima, young girls are welcomed into adult society and taught adult things, such as how to achieve orgasm, how to care for children, singing, and how to interact with men. Other cultures have a fattening ceremony to mark puberty. Meanwhile, the girls are locked away without any responsibilityother than eating. When she is fattened, she is the most beautiful and is ready to be married. Some cultures mark female puberty with genital mutilation. In some cultures, the clitoral hood is removed, leaving the reproductive system unharmed. Other cultures infibulate young girls. Mutilated genitals are the culturally accepted appearance for adult women, so altering girls after their first period is a way to transform them into women. What kinds of restrictions do cultures place on sexual activity? What is the relationship between the restrictions imposed on men and those imposed on women? Cultures often limit sex outside of marriage, including sex before and outside of marriage. Most cultures allow premarital sex for one or both sexes. 36% of cultures completely prohibit premarital sex, with penalties including death. 46% of cultures allow premarital sex for both men and women. Only 18% of cultures only allow men to have sex before marriage, so double standards are rare. No culture allows women to have sex before marriage but prevents men from doing the same. Women are more restricted than men due to the possibility of pregnancy. Because premarital sex does not create a forced bond between potential parents, pregnancy and subsequent childbirth can be harmful to both mother and child if there is not sufficient resources. between male and female sexuality still exists. It is assumed that women have less sex. It's possible that these statistics are because men overestimate sex with women and underestimate it. It is also possible that men are having more premarital sex due to greater acceptance of different sexual partners. Men may have premarital sex with married women, other men, widows, or animals. This allows men to have sex before marriage without unmarried women being involved. Sex outside of marriage is also restricted. 74% of cultures disapprove of sex outside of marriage. Polygamy, accepted in 82% of cultures, remedies this somewhat. Men enjoy more freedom in extramarital affairs than women. Sex outside of marriage implies that resources are given to a third party rather than remaining within the couple. In some cultures, sex outside of marriage is permitted if it is explicit.permission. The Yanomamo Indians of Brazil often allow brothers to have sex with their wives if they ask for it. The pressure is to allow the younger brother to have sex when he asks. The Eskimos participate in the exchange of women, but authorization is required. Some cultures allow extramarital sex during festival activities. Traditional May Day activities included sexual relations with various partners to help the soil become fertile. Some cultures have extramarital sex at funerals to show the dead that life still thrives and people can replace those who have died. Even American culture justifies and accepts some extramarital sex with the nickname “What Happens in Vegas.” Is there premenstrual syndrome (PMS)? Premenstrual syndrome(SPM) is a cultural phenomenon that is not universal. This is how we describe the dangers that women are exposed to before and during their periods. Menstruation is often accompanied by physical symptoms, such as cramps, bloating, nausea, acne, etc. PMS is characterized by psychological factors, including depression, lethargy and irritability. These psychological symptoms can be largely explained by the physical symptoms of menstruation. When a woman experiences physical discomfort from her period and society forces her to continue a normal daily life, depression, lethargy, and irritability are understandable and frankly expected. PMS is also illogical. The cultural assumption of PMS is that during the week before menstruation and the week of menstruation, women are raging, hormonal beasts. If this were true, half of women would be out of control at any given time. It doesn't happen that easily. The existence of PMS allows women to act on their emotions and behave like men without being punished. Men are allowed to be loud and emotional while women are forced to internalize extreme feelings. When a woman suffers from PMS, she behaves like a man and simply blames her behavior on her body. Other cultures don't have PMS. In many other cultures, women don't have as many periods as we do. This is due to the time women spend during pregnancy and breastfeeding, which temporarily dulls menstruation. Without menstruation, the negative aspects leading to PMS do not occur. When menstruation resumes in these cultures, the body does not experience the negative physical discomfort that we experience. Due to pregnancy and breastfeeding, the cervix is ​​stretched, allowing for cramp-free periods, and the breasts do not swell as much as those of women who have not breastfed. Due to the lack of physical discomfort, women in other cultures do not experience the psychological symptoms of PMS. What are the social and biological meanings of aging in men and women? Aging in men and women is a particularly different phenomenon. Females and menopause are incredibly rare, with only humans, whales and elephants experiencing similar life stages. Non-human primates do not have menopausal life stages, so the biological significance of female aging is very interesting. Menopause is a biological function in which menstruation occurs less regularly and less frequently. This usually happens about 15 years before a woman's health begins to deteriorate. The exact reason for menopause is unknown, but it could have beneficial effects on development. The grandmother hypothesis explains that menopause is an opportunity for women to take on additional responsibilities. Because she will no longer have a young child to care for, a postmenopausal woman may be able to muster more resources than other members of society, who must work with a child on their hip. Theories suggest that menopause prevents women from losing weight. resources. To be independent of parents, a child must generally be around fifteen years old. If women have been able to have children throughout their lives, children may be born just before the mother dies. These children will not receive necessary parental care and will ultimately be a waste of resources. Crops..