Glaciers as an indicator of climate changeIntroduction:It is now a well-documented scientific fact that the 20th and 21st centuries have seen a general trend in terms of global warming. Scientific research and evidence clearly indicate that Earth's surface temperatures are gradually increasing. There are various theories regarding the fundamental causes of global warming. However, one of the most widely held beliefs is that human activities are directly responsible for global warming. Although this phenomenon is not observed in all regions of the globe, average temperatures on the planet have increased by 0.7°C since 1900 (Hansen et al., 2006). According to Houghton et al. (2001), glacier fluctuations are one of the distinctive natural indicators of climate change due to their sensitivity. One of the underlying ideas is that glacier fluctuations are mainly due to climate change. The original idea is that climate change mainly leads to an increase in global temperatures and, therefore, the melting of ice, snow and the movement of glaciers. In this way, changes in precipitation and wind lead to changes in the amount of snow and ice accumulation. Additionally, changes in radiation fluxes, temperature and wind, including other factors, tend to impact the surface energy balance and, therefore, ablation, the main source of loss mass through evaporation and fusion (Dyurgerov 2000). Disturbances in the ice mass balance, i.e. the volume of the glacier as it shrinks or grows (Hall 2003), lead to a change in the flow regime and, therefore, after a glacier-specific delay, this results in either glacial retreat or advance in a manner that glacial geometry and a...... middle of paper...... in Glacier National Park, 1850- 2100. " BioScience 53.2 (2003): 131-140. Hansen, J., M. Sako, R. Ruedy, K. Lo, DW Lea and M. Medina-Elizade 2006. Global Temperature Change (PNAS,) 103(39) , 4 288-14 293. Houghton, JT, et al. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ., G. Markl, G. Kaser, U. Nickus and F. Obleitner 1985. climate and mass balance: different responses of two adjacent glaciers Zeitschrift für Gletscherkundeund Glazialgeologie 2: 409-16. Rathore, BP, Singh, SS Randhawa, RK Sood and S. Dhar, (2007). “Retreat of glaciers in the Himalayas using Indian remote sensing satellite data” CurrSci., 92 (1), 69-74.