Roger Higgs, in “On Telling Patients the Truth” provides commonly used arguments to justify paternalistic deception. For the purposes of this article, paternalism will be defined as “interference with a person’s autonomy or self-determination for his or her own good.” The first argument in favor of paternalistic deception is based on the idea that medicine is a technical subject where there are very few guarantees (613). Thus, Higgs makes the argument that not only is it impossible for a patient to understand the true magnitude of their diagnosis and prognosis, but also that medical predictions are not medical truths. The second argument for paternalistic deception comes from the belief that patients do not actually want to know the truth about their condition and might suffer worse health consequences if they were told the truth (614, 615). In “Should Doctors Tell the Truth?” "Joseph Collins argues for paternalistic deception, stating that it is permissible for doctors to deceive their patients when it is in their best interest. Collins views his argument from a "pragmatic" rather than a moral point of view , and uses his experience with patients to justify paternalistic deception Collins claims that during his years of practice, he has encountered four types of patients who want to know the truth: those who want to know because they know how many. time they have left, those who do not want to know and may suffer if they are told the truth, those who are incapable of hearing the truth and those who do not have a serious diagnosis (605). the more serious the condition, the less likely the patient is to seek information about their health (606 Collins argues that doctors should frequently withhold...... middle of paper..... However, he has). It has been reported that telling a patient the truth can significantly improve their well-being as they approach the end of their life. A study found that telling the truth can reduce uncertainty and anxiety in terminal cancer patients, as indicated by lower scores on a hospital anxiety and depression scale and higher scores on a spiritual well-being scale (Kao et al. 2013). Additionally, although there are no explicit principles regarding lying in the Hippocratic Oath, honesty is a virtue closely associated with doctors and health care providers. In fact, honesty may be closely linked to respect for people, implying that it is necessary for maintaining the doctor-patient relationship. Honesty about all relevant aspects of a patient's diagnosis, prognosis and treatment is necessary to build trust and obtain informed consent..