Strange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century is a monograph written by Christian Caryl, editor of Foreign Policy magazine and senior fellow at the MIT Center for International Studies, which attempts to theorize the emergence of the use of twin revolutionary forces – religion and markets – in 1979 and their radical alteration of the international economy in the 21st century. Caryl's study covers five case studies from 1979 and shows how strange rebels served as counterrevolutionary leaders by taking old ideas and making them new and rebellious. Deng Xiaoping initiated reforms that promoted pragmatic economic development in China; The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan after its communist allies faced resistance from local "freedom fighters"; Pope John Paul II used the Christian faith as the basis for a moral crusade against the Soviet Union; Margaret Thatcher overthrew the Labor government in Britain; and Ayatollah Khomeini and Iranian revolutionaries overthrew the shah. Connecting these five incidents, Caryl says, “It was in 1979 that the twin forces of markets and religion, so long neglected, returned with a vengeance” (p. xii). These incidents radically diverted the course of history. in a new way. As its title suggests, 1979 gave birth to the 21st century because "the decisions of these leaders decisively defined the world we live in...we live in the shadow of 1979" (p. xv) . Free market capitalism unleashed in 1979 and politicized religion dominated the global landscape. The resurgence of reliance on the twin revolutionary forces of religion and markets in 1979 changed the international economy of the 21st century. In the case of Iran, the politicized religious force... ... middle of document ......o the Islamic Republic as a "volatile legacy of institutionalized instability, of tension between elections and despotism, of brutal factional rivalries and rigid centralized control” (p. 295). wanted to spread the idea of ​​the Islamic revolution in Lebanon and Palestine. He focuses on these places and changes the Marxist revolutionaries and makes it a religious war. Caryl says that after the collapse of the Soviet Union, "Islam remained essentially the only universalist ideology that could seriously compete with American and European ideals of liberal democracy in the Middle East" (p. 299). Despite the fact that Green Movement protesters aspire to authentic Islamic values ​​of tolerance and social justice, it is clear that Khomeini proved that political Islam was viable in Iran and that his success would lead other Muslim nations to follow his lead. example..