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Essay / Critical Thinking Methods - 1980
Critical thinking is not a new concept that has just emerged from think tanks and universities that bring us innovative educational concepts. Critical thinking has been around since the time of Plato, Socrates, and other great ancient philosophers. The ancient Greeks believed that critical thinking “involved not only an examination of the eloquent words and actions of others,” as Plato believed, “but also an examination of one's own thoughts and actions” (Sriraman and Adrian, 2004, p. 97). . Another strong advocate of critical thinking was Francis Bacon, a controversial scientist of the early 17th century. A non-conformist, Bacon asserted that critical thinking was “the desire to inquire, the patience to doubt, the inclination to meditate, the slowness to affirm, the disposition to consider, the care to arrange and put in order; and hatred for all kinds of imposture” (Lloyd & Bahr, 2010, p. 1). The concept of critical thinking has played an important role in intellectual circles throughout history. An exact definition that both educators and intellectuals would agree on has eluded these great thinkers since historical records revealed the idea of critical thinking. The literature does not seem to offer a consistent definition of critical thinking. Plato, the ancient Greeks, Francis Bacon, and countless other great “thinkers” contributed to their own definition. The various interpretations of critical thinking can help teachers create lesson plans and select the materials needed for those lessons (Maiorana, 1992, p. 14). Some of these interpretations include: "questioning the assumptions that underpin our habitual ways of thinking", "reflective digestion", "reflexive inquiry" and "the ability to produce generalizations...... middle of paper......n Teaching English, 1986. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Pescatore, C. (2008). Current events as empowering literacy: For teachers of English and social studies. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 51(4), 326-339. doi:10.1598/JAAL.51.4.4 Pithers, R. T. & Soden, R. (2000). Critical thinking in education: A review. Educational Research, 42(3), 237-249. doi:10.1080/001318800440579 Shermis, S.S. (1999). Reflective thinking, critical thinking. EricDigest, 143. Retrieved from http://www.indiana.edu/~reading/ieo/digests/d143.html Sriraman, B. and Adrian, H. (2004). The use of fiction as a didactic tool to examine existential problems. The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 15(3), 96-106. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.Willingham, D.T. (2008). Critical thinking: why is it so difficult to teach? Arts Education Policy Review, 109(4), 21-26. Taken from EBSCOhost.