111). This type of environment rarely occurs in the civilian sector and eliminates almost all civilian leaders from comparison. The argument that crisis management resembles an in extremis situation is rejected as crisis leadership focuses on a leader's reaction to challenges or extreme circumstances without warning. The principle of crisis leadership is grounded in military history and incorporates lessons learned in difficult situations. Kolditz clearly identifies the main difference between the two climates: those who occupy leadership roles in extremis have placed themselves in this situation on a voluntary basis. High-risk civilian professionals such as law enforcement, paratroopers, and mountaineering guides are among the few who demonstrate leadership qualities in extremis (Crandall, 2007, p..