Unlike McEwan's novel Enduring Love, Williams and Shakespeare's use of stage directions indicate the emotions behind the scenes which indirectly show the atmosphere from the play to the audience. A tram named Désir plays "Polka music" to symbolize Blanche's grief "Polka music sounds, in a minor key fading with distance", the repetition of this staging in different tones: at the same time " weak” and strong, gives an indication of the intensity of the heartache that Blanche remembers (for example the death of her husband). This allows the audience to become aware of the existing stress built up within Blanche due to previous events which Williams does not show but refers to (through Blanche's memories). Shakespeare also incorporates stagecraft in Othello in order to depict stress, much like Williams he illustrates intensity through scenes in the play such as the "guns heard" in the background during an emerging conflict . On the other hand, Shakespeare's use of stage directions is seen and heard by both the audience and the characters in the play both sharing the anticipation, this gives a sense of realism to the play whereby events unfold before the eyes of the audience and the characters, regardless of how they unfold. William's A Street Car Named Desire presents the setting as a form of symbol indicating stress: Polka music representing heartache and the hectic racing of the blue piano through the life of the city of New Orleans, the directions The scenes used by both William and Shakespeare leave it up to the audience to pick up the pieces during scenes of discomfort. On the other hand, McEwan's first-person narrative takes a direct approach when Joe confesses that "my concentration has been ruined", giving readers an update on his instability instead of indicating it through symbolism..