Malaysians consumed an average of 230 liters of water per person per day. Furthermore, the per capita water consumption per day in Malaysia is alarming at approximately 7.6 liters per year (Kerri, 2008). Water plays an important role for humans as a natural resource necessary for both drinking and irrigation. The increase in population as well as the increase in economic and industrial activities have led to a high demand for water. In order to produce drinking water, the water treatment process must be carried out properly. According to Miller (2009), there are six important treatment processes: coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, ion exchange, absorption and disinfection. (See Figure 1 in Annex 1). First, water can undergo a coagulation process. The principle of the coagulation process is to remove turbidity from water, microorganisms, chemicals in solution, colloidal and suspended matter (Binnie and Kimber, 2002). Turbidity refers to a cloudy appearance of water due to the presence of small particles in suspension. Therefore, no turbidity results in clearer water. The most frequently used coagulants are aluminum sulfate (alum) and iron salts. Basically, most particles dissolved in water carry negative charges that tend to repel each other. In order to group the particles together, alum consisting of positive charges is added. Therefore, negatively charged particles magnetize toward positive charges, resulting in a neutral charge or no charge. When there is no repulsion between particles, Van der Waal forces pull the particles together. Eventually, the particles settled out of the water. However, Pizzi's (2010) study suggests that the amount of alum added to water should be middle of paper......tech.com/library/adsorption/adsorption.htmMiller, WS (2009) . Understanding Ion Exchange Resins for Water Treatment Systems.Plant Engineering, 6(1), 1-13.Pizzi, NG (2010). Water Treatment: Principles and Practices of Water Supply Operations (4th ed.). California, CA: American Water Works Association. Richter, D. and Markewitz, D. (2010). How deep is the ground. American Institute of Biological Sciences: Oxford University Press. Water & Process Technologies, (2012). Sedimentation and clarification. Retrieved from http://www.gewater.com/handbook/treatment_sedimentation/clarification.htm Wieffering, N. & Swift, P. (2007). Construction plumbing. Cape Town, South Africa: Pearson Education South Africa Ltd. World Health Organization, (2004). Water treatment and pathogen control: process efficiency in achieving safe drinking water. London, United Kingdom: IWA Publishing.