A. Postoperative Pain Management: Postoperative care encompasses the majority of time spent during hospitalizations following prolonged operations. A primary goal of postoperative care includes pain management, as improved pain control can shorten the length of hospitalization125-129. Optimal postoperative analgesia results in earlier postoperative ambulation and rehabilitation.130-132 Additionally, patient satisfaction improves significantly. Optimal pain control occurs through the use of multiple analgesics that act on different receptors in the nervous system, a term called multimodal analgesia133. There are different neurotransmitters and the ability to target each of them aims to minimize the effects of individual agents133. In addition to different classes of drug therapy, the anesthesiologist uses regional anesthesia techniques to help reduce pain via neuropathic transmission. Although postoperative pain control requires opioid treatment, other classes of medications help reduce opioid consumption and side effects when used. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in the periphery, one of the main causes of pain intensity. Acetaminophen also inhibits cyclooxygenase and has mild to no anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, gabapentin and pregabalin target a neuropathic component via GABA and voltage-gated calcium channels. Finally, ketamine acts on several pain receptors, the most important being the NMDA receptor. Each of these medications reduces opioid consumption and improves analgesia by targeting different pain receptors134-143. Opioid-related side effects include preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting, avoiding excessive sedation...... middle of paper ......nitial preoperative assessment, intraoperative management to management of postoperative pain, aspires to improve surgical outcomes through reduced morbidity and mortality. Communication between surgeons and anesthesiologists about preoperative risks and perioperative management plans is extremely important in reoperative surgery. Anesthesiologist vigilance, through meticulous attention to perioperative details, helps improve surgical outcomes and further reduce perioperative morbidity such as surgical site infections, cardiac complications, and fluid overload. The issues highlighted in this chapter are not exhaustive. The importance of perioperative optimization and communication regarding care plans to achieve the best patient outcomes cannot be emphasized enough and requires daily cooperation between all parties involved in patient care..