The formal government policies discussed above were solutions to housing problems, in general, used by the government rather than the solution to specifically relieve informal settlements of their difficult situation. The question discussed above was only intended to show how government policies, both formal and informal, attempted to solve the housing problem and in the process infected other areas, creating informal settlements. We will now discuss the development policies used to address the slums themselves. All development policies are based on the role of the public sector, as it administers sufficient rates necessary to meet emerging needs, on the sustainability of the financing system (funds must be recovered or reused to finance housing) and on the centralization of housing governance (decentralization to local authorities). In the past, the government's response to slums has been demolition and relocation to other areas. The government pioneered self-ownership by providing slum dwellers with land, services, technical assistance and cheap materials, but only the middle class benefited and subsidies were not paid to the class who was entitled to it (Hassan, 2011). As the numbers began to swell, both solutions became futile; therefore, the government began to rely on slum dwellers with partial assistance provided to encourage self-ownership under an enabling approach policy, in which slum dwellers, subsidized by the government, participate in the construction of their own houses rather than the government being the main housing provider. This policy was criticized for being unrealistic, as it did not take into account the affordability of low incomes, who could not withstand the countries' ever-changing markets (Hassan, 2011). According to the “Turne...... middle of paper...... Egypt 58.4 (2004): 597-611. Internet. March 8, 2014. Khalifa, Marwa A. “Redefining Egypt’s Slums: Unplanned Areas or Dangerous Areas.” Habitat International 35.1 (2011): 40-49. ScienceDirect. Internet. March 14, 2014.Mukhija, Vinit. “Enabling Slum Redevelopment in Mumbai: Policy Paradox in Practice.” Housing Studies 18.4 (2001): 213-22. Web. April 15, 2014. National Strategy and Action Plan for Slum Upgrading. Kampala: Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, December 2008. PDF. Payne, Geoff. “Getting a Head Start: A Two-Pronged Approach to Upgrading Existing Slums and Reducing the Need for Future Slums.” » Environment and urbanization 17.1 (2005): 135-46. We are not dirt: forced evictions in informal settlements in Egypt. Publication No. MDE 12/001/2011, August 23, 2011. Web, February 17..2014.