Before the war, Germany was governed under the imperial dictatorship of the Kaiser. In contrast, the Weimar Constitution attempted to establish arguably the most perfect democratic system of modern times, in which no individual could obtain too much power. But it was precisely this system of proportional representation that led to its downfall. Based on the ideal of ensuring that all political groups had fair representation, this effectively meant that no party ever achieved an absolute majority. This process therefore led coalition governments to retain power through fragile agreements, without ever being able to implement the programs for which they were elected. Outbreaks of opposition violence occurred, including the Spartacist uprising of 1919, the Kapp Putsch of 1920, and Hitler's Munich Beer Hall Putsch of 1923. None of these revolts succeeded in ending the republic, but they pointed out that the government was incapable of enforcing the law and order and respect for it subsequently declined. The failure of the Nazi revolution also led Hitler to change his tactics to adopt the appearance of legality. In the years that followed, the NSDAP highlighted the government's weaknesses through extensive propaganda campaigns blaming it for Germany's misfortunes and proposed instead a return to strong authoritarian rule, which could guarantee public policy strict.